Jan 3, 2014 - ADI SANKARA. A TAMIL AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION. Traditionally the work is ascribed to Sri Sankara, but some dispute this.

The Vivekachudamani (Sanskrit: विवेकचूडामणि) is an introductory treatise within the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.^[5] It is in the form of a poem in the Shardula Vikridita metre,^[6] and for many centuries has been celebrated as a prakaraṇa grantha (teaching manual) of Advaita.^[5] The Hindu tradition attributes it to Adi Shankara of the eighth century CE. This attribution is controversial, generally considered 'most probably erroneous' by modern scholarship. Its likely author may be one of the other Shankaracharyas of the Advaita tradition.^[2][7]

Vivekachudamani literally means the 'Crest-jewel of discrimination'.^[8] It expounds the Advaita Vedanta philosophy in the form of a self-teaching manual, with many verses in the form of a dialogue between a student and a spiritual teacher. The text discusses key concepts and the viveka or discrimination or discernment between real (unchanging, eternal) and unreal (changing, temporal), Prakriti and Atman, the oneness of Atman and Brahman, and self-knowledge as the central task of the spiritual life and for Moksha.^[9][1][10]

Through the centuries, the Vivekachudamani has been translated into several languages and has been the topic of many commentaries and expositions.

Author[edit]

The authorship of Vivekachudamani has been questioned.^{[1][note 1]}Paul Hacker, an Indologist and scholar of Advaita, set out a methodology for ascertaining authorship of Advaita texts and he concluded that though the Vivekachudmani is unusual in parts, it was likely authored by Adi Shankara.^[5][11] Hacker stated that the definitions of the key concepts, premises and ideas found in the Vivekachudmani match with those in Shankara's established authentic works.^[5]Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr., another influential Indologist, rejected Hacker's conclusion by accepting Hacker's methodology and presenting evidence from its manuscripts that some of the ideas in the text do not fully agree with those of Adi Shankara.^[5][11]

According to Michael Comans, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, though the Hindu tradition popularly believes that Adi Shankara authored Vivekachudamani, this is 'most probably erroneous'.^[7] Comans gives the following reasons for his doubts: the highly poetic style of Vivekachudamani is not found in other genuine works of Adi Shankara; there is a lack of extensive commentaries (bhasya) on Vivekachudamani which is unusual given the extensive commentaries on his other works; and unlike Shankara's other genuine works which give minimal importance to 'nirvikalpa samadhi' practices, the Vivekachudamani gives special importance to it.^[7] Though Vivekachudamani is a popular manual on Vedanta, it is probably the work of a later Shankara, and not Adi Shankara, states Comans.^[7] Yet another theory, states Berger, is that 'rather than simply having been written or not written by [Adi] Sankara, the Crown Jewel of Discrimination may be a corporately authored work [of Advaita monasteries] that went through revisions'.^[5]

According to Natalia Isayeva, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, it is 'far less probable' that Adi Shankara authored Vivekachudamani.^[12] Sengaku Mayeda, another scholar of Indian Philosophy and Advaita Vedanta, states that though widely accepted as Shankara's work, Vivekachudamani is likely not his work.^[13]

According to John Grimes, a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism known for his translation of Vivekachudamani, 'modern scholars tend to reject that Adi Shankara composed Vivekachudamani, while traditionalists tend to accept it', and there is an unending 'arguments and counter-arguments' about its authorship.^[2] Grimes states that his work strengthens the case that 'there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the Vivekacūḍāmaṇi,' ^[2] noting that 'a strong case can be made that the Vivekacudamani is a genuine work of Sankara's and that it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose.'^[14][5]

According to Swami Dayananda Saraswati, a Vedanta teacher, 'I do not think we lose anything even if the authorship is attributed to any other Sankaracharya of one of the various Sankara-mathas.' ^[15]

Manuscripts[edit]

Many historic manuscripts of Vivekacudmani have been found in different monasteries of Advaita Vedanta. These have minor variations, and a critical edition of these has not been published yet.^[4] The earliest original Sanskrit manuscript of Vivekacudmani was published from Srirangam (Tamil Nadu) by T.K. Balasubramania Iyer in 1910.^[4] This edition has attracted much of 20th- and 21st-century scholarship, and has been republished in 1983 after some revision and re-arrangement to reflect studies on it since 1910. Other editions have been the basis of a few Indian translations. The five most referred to manuscripts in Advaita scholarship have been published by Samata (Chennai), Advaita Ashrama (Kolkata), Sri Ramakrishna Math (Chennai), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (Mumbai), Chinmayananda Ashrama (Mumbai).^[4]

Contents[edit]

Vivekachudamani consists of 580 verses in Sanskrit. These cover a range of spiritual topics and their answers according to the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.

The text begins with salutations to Govinda, which can be interpreted either as referring to God or to his guru Sri Govinda Bhagavatpada.^[8] It then expounds the significance of Self Realisation, ways to reach it, and the characteristics of a Guru. It criticizes attachment to the body and goes to explain the various Sareeras, Kosas, Gunas, Senses and Pranas which constitute the Anatman.^[17] It teaches the disciple the ways to attain Self-realisation, methods of meditation (dhyana) and introspection of the Atman. The Vivekachudamani describes the characteristics of an enlightened human being (Jivanmukta)^[18] and a person of steady wisdom (Sthitaprajna) on the lines of Bhagavad Gita.^[19]

Significance[edit]

The Vivekachudmani has been celebrated for centuries as a lucid introductory treatise to Advaita Vedanta.^[5] It is, states Berger, not a 'philosophical or polemical' text. It is primarily a pedagogical treatise, as an aid to an Advaitin's spiritual journey to liberation rather than 'philosophy for the sake of philosophy'. It is one of the texts of 'spiritual sustenance' in the Advaita tradition.^[20]

The Vivekachudmani is one of several historic teaching manuals in the Advaita tradition, one of its most popular. Other texts that illustrate Advaita ideas in a manner broadly similar to Vivekachudmani but are neither as comprehensive nor same, include Ekasloki, Svatmaprakasika, Manisapancaka, Nirvanamanjari, Tattvopadesa, Prasnottararatnamalika, Svatmanirupana, Prabodhasudhakara and Jivanmuktanandalahari.^[21] These texts are not attributed to Adi Shankara. Upadesasahasri, another Advaita teaching manual, is attributed to Adi Shankara.^[22][23]

Commentaries and translations[edit]

There are two Sanskrit commentaries on this work. Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati, the pontiff of Sringeri, wrote a commentary titled Vivekodaya (Dawn of Discrimination) on the first 7 verses of this work. His disciple, Sri Chandrasekhara Bharathi, has written a Vyakhya or commentary on the first 515 verses of this work.

This work has been repeatedly translated into various languages, often accompanied by a commentary in the same language. English translations and commentaries include those by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, Swami Madhavananda, Swami Turiyananda and Swami Chinmayananda. Tamil translations and commentaries include those by Ramana Maharshi. Swami Jyotihswarupananda has translated the Vivekachudamani into Marathi.^[24]

A recent scholarly translation of the text was published in 2004 by John Grimes – a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism. His translation has been reviewed by Douglas Berger, who states, 'the [Vivekacudmani] translation itself is a testament to Grimes’ surpassing Sanskrit skills and thorough knowledge of Vedantic textual exegesis. The unusually lucid presentation of the Sanskrit slokas is rendered with exactness and eloquent clarity in the English. The accompanying Upanisadic cross-referencing and Sanskrit-English lexicon of key terms will prove themselves enormously helpful to lay readers, students, and scholars.^[25]

Famous verses[edit]

• Brahma satya jagat mithya, jivo brahmaiva naparah

Translation: Brahman is the only truth, the world is illusory, and there is ultimately no difference between Brahman and individual self^[26] While this verse is frequently attributed to the Vivekacudamani, in fact it comes from Verse 20 of the Brahma Jnana Vali Mala.

• अर्थस्य निश्चयो दृष्टो विचारेण हितोक्तितः न स्नानेन न दानेन प्राणायमशतेन वा १३ (Arthasya nishchayo drishto vicharena hitokitthah; Na snanena, na danena pranayamashatena va)

Translation: By reflection, reasoning and instructions of teachers, the truth is known,Not by ablutions, not by making donations, nor by performing hundreds of breath control exercises.^[27]

Notes[edit]

1. ^According to Reza Shah-Kazemi the authorship of Shankara is doubtful,^[3] though it is 'so closely interwoven into the spiritual heritage of Shankara that any analysis of his perspective which fails to consider [this work] would be incomplete'.^[3] See also arshabodha.org, Sri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, p.3-4, The Question of Authorship of Vivekachudamani

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcGrimes 2004.
2. ^ ^abcdGrimes 2004, p. 23.
3. ^ ^abcShah-Kazemi 2006, p. 4.
4. ^ ^abcdGrimes 2004, pp. 274-278.
5. ^ ^abcdefghBerger, Douglas L. (2005). 'The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)'. Philosophy East and West. 55 (4): 616–619. doi:10.1353/pew.2005.0032.
6. ^Usha 1990
7. ^ ^abcdToṭakācārya; Michael Comans (translator) (1996). Extracting the Essence of the Sruti. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xvi. ISBN978-81-208-1410-3.
8. ^ ^abMadhavananda 1921, p. 1
9. ^ ^abSri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, Achyarya Pranipata Chaitanya (Translator) and Satinder Dhiman, Tiruchengode Chinmaya Mission, Tamil Nadu (2011)
10. ^Espín & James B. Nickoloff 2007, p. 1471
11. ^ ^abGovind Chandra Pande (1994). Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 117–119. ISBN978-81-208-1104-1.
12. ^Natalia Isayeva (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. State University of New York Press. p. 98. ISBN978-1-4384-0762-3.
13. ^Sengaku Mayeda (2006). A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 10 footnote 33. ISBN978-81-208-2771-4.
14. ^Grimes 2004, p. 13.
15. ^Sri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, Achyarya Pranipata Chaitanya (Translator) and Satinder Dhiman, p. 4
16. ^Grimes 2004, pp. 56-273 (see pages 274-278 for variant readings).
17. ^Sri Chandrashe hara Bharati of Sringeri. Sri Samkara’s Vivekacudamani. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxi.
18. ^'Man of wisdom'. The Hindu. 2005-06-29. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
19. ^'State of liberation'. The Hindu. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
20. ^Berger, Douglas L. (2005). 'The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)'. Philosophy East and West. 55 (4): 618–619. doi:10.1353/pew.2005.0032.
21. ^Govind Chandra Pande (1994). Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 117–121. ISBN978-81-208-1104-1.
22. ^Śaṅkarācārya; Sengaku Mayeda (Translator) (1979). A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara. State University of New York Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN978-0-7914-0944-2.
23. ^N. V. Isaeva (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. State University of New York Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN978-0-7914-1281-7.
24. ^Nagpur, India: Ramakrishna Math; 2009
25. ^Berger, Douglas L. (2005). 'The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)'. Philosophy East and West. 55 (4): 619. doi:10.1353/pew.2005.0032.
26. ^Rosen, Steven (2007). Krishna's Song. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 70. ISBN978-0-313-34553-1.
27. ^See:
    • D. Datta (1888), Moksha, or the Vedántic Release, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1888), pp. 513-539;
    • Madhavananda’s translation of Vivekachudamani published in 1921, Himalayan Series 43

Sources[edit]

• Grimes, John (2004), 'Introduction', The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation, ISBN978-0754633952
• Usha, Brahmacharini (1990). A Brief Dictionary of Hinduism. Vedanta Press. ISBN978-0-87481-048-6.
• Espín, Orlando O.; James B. Nickoloff (2007). An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. ISBN978-0-8146-5856-7.
• Madhavananda, Swami (1921). Vivekachudamani of Sri Sankaracharya. Advaita Ashrama.
• Prabhavananda, Swami; Christopher Isherwood (1970). Shankara's Crest Jewel of Discrimination. Vedanta Press. ISBN978-0-87481-038-7.
• Ranganathananda, Swami (2008). The Message of Vivekachudamani. Advaita Ashrama. p. 624. ISBN81-7505-308-9.
• Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006), Paths to Transcendence: According to Shankara, Ibn Arabi & Meister Eckhart, World Wisdom
• Sri Chandrashekara Bharati; P.Sankaranarayanan (1999). Vivekachudamani (4 ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

Further reading[edit]

• Prabhavananda; Christopher Isherwood (1978). Shankara's crest-jewel of discrimination (3 ed.). Vedanta Press. ISBN978-0-87481-038-7.
• Chatterji, Mohini M. (2004). Viveka Chudamani Or Crest Jewel of Wisdom of Sri Sankaracharya. Kessinger Publishing. p. 212. ISBN978-1-4179-8207-3.
• Mishra, Dr. Suryamani (2016). Viveka Chudamani Hindi Translated. Chintan Prakashan. p. 126. ISBN978-93-85804-10-6.

External links[edit]

• Vivekachudamani with additional notes Translated by Swami Madhavananda, online ebook
• The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom: VIVEKACHUDAMANI, By Sankaracharya, Translated by Charles Johnston